Cassava, rice, maize, and wheat account for 45% of the calories consumed across Africa, highlighting the continent’s heavy reliance on just a few staple foods.
This finding comes from the World Bank report, “Food at a Crossroads: The Nexus Between Transport, Logistics, and Food Security in Africa.”
The report warns that such dependence leaves Africa vulnerable to supply disruptions, rising food prices, and climate-related shocks.
According to the World Bank, while these four staples dominate Africa’s diet, a large portion is imported from Europe, South Asia, and other regions.
Africa imports over 30 million tonnes of maize, more than 35 million tonnes of rice, and around 60 million tonnes of wheat every year.
“Just four key commodities account for 45% of caloric intake across Africa – cassava, rice, maize, and wheat.
“A large portion of these commodities is imported from Europe, South Asia, and elsewhere, making transport a pivotal component in helping to address the challenges of food insecurity in Africa,” the report read in part.
After arriving on the continent, these staples face delays due to inadequate port infrastructure, inefficient logistics, and long inland journeys.
On average, food travels 4,000 kilometers over 23 days in Africa — four times longer than in Europe — increasing the risk of spoilage, loss, and delayed delivery to households.
Seaports handle 14% of Africa’s food imports, rising to 22% for landlocked countries and 37% for the lowest-income nations. However, many ports suffer from outdated systems, low capacity, and poor infrastructure, creating critical choke points in the food supply chain.
After clearance, imported staples must navigate weak road networks, congested borders, and poor rural connectivity. These transport challenges drive up costs, reduce food availability, and make staples less affordable for consumers.
The World Bank report noted that investments in port infrastructure, railways, and roads, along with streamlined logistics and simplified border procedures, could reduce delays, improve reliability, and support intra-African trade.
Even after transport, inadequate storage infrastructure exacerbates Africa’s food insecurity. The World Bank report noted that 20% of cereals, 25 percent of rice and maize, and up to 40% of fruits and vegetables are lost before reaching consumers.
Losses of cassava, maize, rice, and wheat grew from 22.5 million tonnes in 2010 to 33.8 million tonnes in 2022, equivalent to nearly 30% of annual imports.
The report emphasized that investing in modern storage facilities, improving logistics, and applying proper handling techniques can significantly reduce these losses, ensuring more food reaches households safely and consistently.
On the Nigerian front, the country faces a looming food insecurity challenge. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) projected that about 34.7 million Nigerians could experience severe food shortages during the 2026 lean season, from June to August.
On the Nigerian front, the country faces a looming food insecurity challenge. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) projected that about 34.7 million Nigerians could experience severe food shortages during the 2026 lean season, from June to August.
Many had reduced cultivation or considered abandoning their farms altogether. The survey also highlighted that the collapse of earlier support schemes, such as the Anchor Borrowers Programme, and poor rural infrastructure had further discouraged production.
Targeted support, including subsidised inputs, improved access to credit, mechanisation programmes, and enhanced rural security, is critical to avert severe food shortages in 2026.